Statistics analysis plays a crucial role in any dissertation because statistic analysis is what is necessary for a doctoral student to prove his or her thesis. With improper statistics analysis, the dissertation will neither be approved nor accepted.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in statistics analysis. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Though statistics analysis is necessary for all dissertations and for all PhD candidates to complete, many PhD students have a very difficult time completing the statistic analysis properly and accurately. This struggle with the statistical analysis is quite common and the reason for this struggle is because PhD students have not had enough experience with statistics to know how to complete the complicated statistical procedures and statistical analysis necessary for the dissertation. Granted, PhD students have spent years and years in school—but they have not spent years and years studying statistics, and this is often what is necessary to complete the statistics analysis with ease and success.
It is obviously very important to complete the statistics analysis properly for all PhD students. What is not so obvious, however, is that a student can get help on the statistics analysis and this help can save the student much time and frustration. This help on statistics analysis usually comes in the form of a statistical consultant. A statistical consultant is a trained statistician who can help a PhD student with every single statistical process of the dissertation—including with the statistics analysis. A statistical consultant can guide the student through the statistics methodologies and with this guidance, a PhD student is sure to always be on the right track. And when a PhD student is always on the right track, the statistics analysis will be accurate and the PhD student will no longer have to struggle with the statistics analysis.
A student, then, can make sure that the statistics analysis is completed properly with the help of a statistical consultant. A statistical consultant is also very easily attainable and a statistical consultant can start at any point in the dissertation process. Obviously, a student should not waste time struggling through the statistical procedures and the statistics analysis alone when there is such help available—so a dissertation writing student should seek help on the statistics analysis and the statistical procedures early on. The sooner a PhD student seeks help from a statistical consultant, the more help can be provided.
It is also incredibly important for the PhD student to realize that a statistical consultant providing help on the statistics analysis will be able to instruct the student. In fact, this is often the most valuable part of getting help on the statistics analysis from a statistical consultant. One on one help with statistics and the statistics analysis can be incredibly useful because the statistical consultant can go at the pace of the PhD student. Unlike what happens in a room full of students when the PhD student is enrolled in a class, the instruction between a statistical consultant and a PhD student is one on one. And this can mean all the difference between a student struggling to keep up with a room full of students, or a student no longer feeling intimidated by peers around him/her. Thus, the help provided by a statistical consultant is absolutely unmatched as the statistical consultant is able to give individualized attention to the student and the statistical consultant is able to make sure that the PhD student actually understands the statistical procedures and the statistics analysis.
There is no better way to get help on the dissertation and on the statistics analysis than to seek professional help in the form of a statistical consultant. Once the PhD student does get this much needed help, he or she will see results immediately.
Tuesday, October 6, 2009
Friday, October 2, 2009
PhD Statistics Analyses
The time spent working on and thinking about a dissertation is practically immeasurable. This is true because the dissertation is the longest and most difficult aspect of one’s academic career. PhD students spend countless hours working on the dissertation and as such, PhD students are usually frustrated, fed-up, discouraged and burnt out by the time that they get to one of the most challenging parts of the dissertation: the PhD statistics analyses.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in PhD statistics analyses. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
The PhD statistics analyses come after all of the data has been collected by the doctoral degree seeking student. And again, countless hours have already been spent by the doctoral student in the collection of the data, before the PhD statistics analyses have even begun. Thus, when a PhD student gets to the PhD statistics analyses, he or she is worn out and sick of the dissertation.
What’s more, the PhD statistics analyses takes a student even more time than the gathering of data—especially if the PhD student has never performed PhD statistics analyses. PhD statistics analyses require that the doctoral degree seeing student have extensive training in and with statistical and statistical procures and methodologies. Many PhD students do not have this training and experience with statistics, so many students struggle mightily when it comes time to perform the PhD statistics analyses.
Doctoral degree seeking students do not have to struggle on their PhD statistics analyses, however, because doctoral degree seeking students have many options available when it comes to getting help on the PhD statistics analyses. The first place where many doctoral degree seeking students turn, and rightfully so, is to their advisor. The doctoral student’s advisor can indeed help the doctoral student, because that is what an advisor is there for. However, many advisors are not readily available and many advisors are not able to offer the doctoral student help when he or she needs it. Thus, while it is always advisable to go to an advisor, sometimes that advisor is not able to help the doctoral student.
The next place where many PhD students turn when it comes to getting PhD statistics analyses is the internet. This too is an okay place for students to turn as there are many websites dedicated to offering help to PhD students when it comes to the PhD statistics analyses. However, if one were to go online and actually type PhD statistics analyses into the search engine, he or she would find that thousands and thousands of hits come up. Additionally, the information that is provided about the PhD statistics analyses is oftentimes contradictory. This is true because PhD statistics analyses requires extensive knowledge of statistics—and this is not something that can be acquired online. In fact, people spend years and years studying statistics, so it would be impossible to have all of that information summed up on-line. The internet, then, can be somewhat helpful, but it is not the best place to turn when it comes to PhD statistics analyses.
The best place for a struggling doctoral student to turn for help on the PhD statistics analyses is a dissertation consulting firm. A dissertation consulting firm can provide the student with everything that he or she needs to finish the dissertation and to perform the PhD statistics analyses with accuracy and precision. A dissertation consulting firm will offer the PhD candidate valuable instruction when it comes to the PhD statistics analyses and a dissertation consulting firm will make sure that the student is on the right track in terms of the PhD statistics analyses. With the help of a dissertation consulting firm, the doctoral degree seeking student will be well on his or her way to completing the dissertation and will have absolutely no trouble with the complicated and difficult PhD statistics analyses.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in PhD statistics analyses. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
The PhD statistics analyses come after all of the data has been collected by the doctoral degree seeking student. And again, countless hours have already been spent by the doctoral student in the collection of the data, before the PhD statistics analyses have even begun. Thus, when a PhD student gets to the PhD statistics analyses, he or she is worn out and sick of the dissertation.
What’s more, the PhD statistics analyses takes a student even more time than the gathering of data—especially if the PhD student has never performed PhD statistics analyses. PhD statistics analyses require that the doctoral degree seeing student have extensive training in and with statistical and statistical procures and methodologies. Many PhD students do not have this training and experience with statistics, so many students struggle mightily when it comes time to perform the PhD statistics analyses.
Doctoral degree seeking students do not have to struggle on their PhD statistics analyses, however, because doctoral degree seeking students have many options available when it comes to getting help on the PhD statistics analyses. The first place where many doctoral degree seeking students turn, and rightfully so, is to their advisor. The doctoral student’s advisor can indeed help the doctoral student, because that is what an advisor is there for. However, many advisors are not readily available and many advisors are not able to offer the doctoral student help when he or she needs it. Thus, while it is always advisable to go to an advisor, sometimes that advisor is not able to help the doctoral student.
The next place where many PhD students turn when it comes to getting PhD statistics analyses is the internet. This too is an okay place for students to turn as there are many websites dedicated to offering help to PhD students when it comes to the PhD statistics analyses. However, if one were to go online and actually type PhD statistics analyses into the search engine, he or she would find that thousands and thousands of hits come up. Additionally, the information that is provided about the PhD statistics analyses is oftentimes contradictory. This is true because PhD statistics analyses requires extensive knowledge of statistics—and this is not something that can be acquired online. In fact, people spend years and years studying statistics, so it would be impossible to have all of that information summed up on-line. The internet, then, can be somewhat helpful, but it is not the best place to turn when it comes to PhD statistics analyses.
The best place for a struggling doctoral student to turn for help on the PhD statistics analyses is a dissertation consulting firm. A dissertation consulting firm can provide the student with everything that he or she needs to finish the dissertation and to perform the PhD statistics analyses with accuracy and precision. A dissertation consulting firm will offer the PhD candidate valuable instruction when it comes to the PhD statistics analyses and a dissertation consulting firm will make sure that the student is on the right track in terms of the PhD statistics analyses. With the help of a dissertation consulting firm, the doctoral degree seeking student will be well on his or her way to completing the dissertation and will have absolutely no trouble with the complicated and difficult PhD statistics analyses.
Thursday, October 1, 2009
Dissertation Data Analysis
You’ve spent months gathering the data that you need for your dissertation, you’ve been working on your dissertation for what seems like forever, you finally are at the point where you can start making conclusions that will apply to your thesis… and then you realize, “I’m not exactly sure how to make sense of all of this data! I’m not exactly sure how to do the dissertation data analysis!”
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation data analysis and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
While it takes months and months and months to gather accurate and valid data, that time spent on gathering the data can be wasted if the data is not then used properly—if proper dissertation data analysis is not performed correctly. Dissertation data analysis is very difficult to perform, especially if the doctoral student is working on his or her first dissertation. Dissertation data analysis is especially difficult to perform because it requires that the doctoral student knows all there is to know about statistics, statistical procedures and statistical methodologies. Thus, without the proper expertise and know-how in statistics, doctoral students can flounder through the dissertation data analysis part of the dissertation, and essentially, all the hard work and energy spent on gathering accurate data can be wasted.
This does not have to happen, however, as there are dissertation consultants who can help any doctoral student with the dissertation data analysis. Indeed, dissertation consultants can help the student make sense of the dissertation data analysis and dissertation consultants can provide the knowhow and expertise that the PhD student lacks. This is especially helpful in the dissertation data analysis phase, as a dissertation consultant is trained in all things concerning statistics—including having extensive training in dissertation data analysis.
There is no sense, then, for a PhD student do “go it alone” and attempt to figure out the dissertation data analysis parts of the dissertation all by him/herself. Help on the dissertation data analysis is incredibly easily attainable because dissertation consultants are very easy to contact and to obtain. In fact, a simple internet search will yield thousands of hits for dissertation consultants—mainly because dissertation consultants are that good at helping students on their dissertations and on the dissertation data analysis portions of their dissertations. For help on the dissertation data analysis, there is no better solution than to seek the professional help of a dissertation consultant who can take any PhD student through the lengthy, difficult and challenging aspects of the dissertation data analysis.
Many students hesitate, however, before seeking help on the dissertation data analysis and before contacting a dissertation consultant. PhD students hesitate for several reasons, one of them being the fact that they are so used to doing everything alone. It is always good to get help, however, and this is equally true on the dissertation data analysis. Some students, while ready to get help, wonder if it is ethical to use a dissertation consultant to get help on the dissertation data analysis. While this is definitely worth thinking about, it is absolutely imperative that a PhD student understand that a dissertation consultant simply helps a student—simply offers assistance in the challenging aspects of the dissertation. A dissertation consultant, then, does NOT do the work for the student. Rather, a dissertation consultant instructs the student and provides the student with very valuable teachings. This instruction is perhaps one of the biggest benefits of getting a dissertation consultant—they do not do the work for the PhD student, they instruct the student and guide the student so that the student can do all of the statistical procedures and the dissertation data analysis on his or her own. And truly, there is no better help than this.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation data analysis and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
While it takes months and months and months to gather accurate and valid data, that time spent on gathering the data can be wasted if the data is not then used properly—if proper dissertation data analysis is not performed correctly. Dissertation data analysis is very difficult to perform, especially if the doctoral student is working on his or her first dissertation. Dissertation data analysis is especially difficult to perform because it requires that the doctoral student knows all there is to know about statistics, statistical procedures and statistical methodologies. Thus, without the proper expertise and know-how in statistics, doctoral students can flounder through the dissertation data analysis part of the dissertation, and essentially, all the hard work and energy spent on gathering accurate data can be wasted.
This does not have to happen, however, as there are dissertation consultants who can help any doctoral student with the dissertation data analysis. Indeed, dissertation consultants can help the student make sense of the dissertation data analysis and dissertation consultants can provide the knowhow and expertise that the PhD student lacks. This is especially helpful in the dissertation data analysis phase, as a dissertation consultant is trained in all things concerning statistics—including having extensive training in dissertation data analysis.
There is no sense, then, for a PhD student do “go it alone” and attempt to figure out the dissertation data analysis parts of the dissertation all by him/herself. Help on the dissertation data analysis is incredibly easily attainable because dissertation consultants are very easy to contact and to obtain. In fact, a simple internet search will yield thousands of hits for dissertation consultants—mainly because dissertation consultants are that good at helping students on their dissertations and on the dissertation data analysis portions of their dissertations. For help on the dissertation data analysis, there is no better solution than to seek the professional help of a dissertation consultant who can take any PhD student through the lengthy, difficult and challenging aspects of the dissertation data analysis.
Many students hesitate, however, before seeking help on the dissertation data analysis and before contacting a dissertation consultant. PhD students hesitate for several reasons, one of them being the fact that they are so used to doing everything alone. It is always good to get help, however, and this is equally true on the dissertation data analysis. Some students, while ready to get help, wonder if it is ethical to use a dissertation consultant to get help on the dissertation data analysis. While this is definitely worth thinking about, it is absolutely imperative that a PhD student understand that a dissertation consultant simply helps a student—simply offers assistance in the challenging aspects of the dissertation. A dissertation consultant, then, does NOT do the work for the student. Rather, a dissertation consultant instructs the student and provides the student with very valuable teachings. This instruction is perhaps one of the biggest benefits of getting a dissertation consultant—they do not do the work for the PhD student, they instruct the student and guide the student so that the student can do all of the statistical procedures and the dissertation data analysis on his or her own. And truly, there is no better help than this.
Wednesday, September 30, 2009
How do I do dissertation data analysis?
How do I do dissertation data analysis?
One of the most challenging and difficult parts of the already very challenging dissertation is to accurately and precisely analyze the data that you have collected for your dissertation. Dissertation data analysis involves compiling, understanding, collecting, and processing thousands of numbers, and this is by no means easy. This is made even more difficult by the fact that many doctoral students are not trained in dissertation data analysis. To do proper dissertation data analysis, a doctoral student must have a good deal of statistical know how, experience, and understanding. With this statistical know how, experience and understanding, a doctoral student can certainly complete the dissertation data analysis on his or her own; but if a student does not have statistical expertise, it is a good decision to get help on the dissertation data analysis.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation data analysis. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Why do I have to do dissertation data analysis?
If you are working on your dissertation and proving something, you have gathered and acquired facts, figures, numbers and statistics to prove your point. It is not enough to simply gather and accumulate these numbers and figures, however, as dissertation data analysis must be done so that you can apply these numbers to your dissertation. In performing proper dissertation data analysis, you will be providing scientific backing to your thesis and conclusion, thus dissertation data analysis must be completed in order for a doctoral student to receive his or her degree and finish the dissertation.
Who can help me with dissertation data analysis?
Usually, students turn to their dissertation advisor for help on all things concerning the dissertation. This can be extremely useful, as a student’s advisor knows how to point the student in the proper direction and an advisor knows what the approval panel will be looking for when the approval panel goes to judge the student’s dissertation. And some advisors provide wonderful on-going support that helps the doctoral student throughout the entire task of the dissertation. Other advisors, however, are not always available when the student needs him or her and this can be extremely frustrating. Still other advisors wait until the student makes a mistake somewhere along the way and then provides information and guidance to the student that would have been helpful before the student actually made the mistake (as mistakes can take weeks and months to fix—depending on where the mistake happens and when the student realizes the mistake). There is no need, however, to be frustrated with advisors who are not always available to a doctoral student when he or she needs him/her. Instead, doctoral students can now seek out help from a dissertation consultant and that dissertation consultant can provide one on one, hands on guidance, assistance and help on al things concerning the dissertation—including on the dissertation data analysis—whenever the doctoral student needs that help. With the help of a dissertation consultant, the student will be able to accurately and precisely perform the dissertation data analysis because dissertation consultants are trained in statistics and can easily “make sense” of both statistical procedures and of thousands and thousands of numbers that are used in those statistical procedures and the dissertation data analysis. Thus, with the help of a dissertation consultant, the dissertation data analysis and every other aspect of the dissertation will be manageable, accurate and relatively easy to complete. It is best, therefore, to get help on the dissertation data analysis. And if a student’s advisor is not available to offer that help on the dissertation data analysis, a dissertation consultant can more than fill in as the advisor, offering invaluable and unmatched help to the student.
One of the most challenging and difficult parts of the already very challenging dissertation is to accurately and precisely analyze the data that you have collected for your dissertation. Dissertation data analysis involves compiling, understanding, collecting, and processing thousands of numbers, and this is by no means easy. This is made even more difficult by the fact that many doctoral students are not trained in dissertation data analysis. To do proper dissertation data analysis, a doctoral student must have a good deal of statistical know how, experience, and understanding. With this statistical know how, experience and understanding, a doctoral student can certainly complete the dissertation data analysis on his or her own; but if a student does not have statistical expertise, it is a good decision to get help on the dissertation data analysis.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in dissertation data analysis. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Why do I have to do dissertation data analysis?
If you are working on your dissertation and proving something, you have gathered and acquired facts, figures, numbers and statistics to prove your point. It is not enough to simply gather and accumulate these numbers and figures, however, as dissertation data analysis must be done so that you can apply these numbers to your dissertation. In performing proper dissertation data analysis, you will be providing scientific backing to your thesis and conclusion, thus dissertation data analysis must be completed in order for a doctoral student to receive his or her degree and finish the dissertation.
Who can help me with dissertation data analysis?
Usually, students turn to their dissertation advisor for help on all things concerning the dissertation. This can be extremely useful, as a student’s advisor knows how to point the student in the proper direction and an advisor knows what the approval panel will be looking for when the approval panel goes to judge the student’s dissertation. And some advisors provide wonderful on-going support that helps the doctoral student throughout the entire task of the dissertation. Other advisors, however, are not always available when the student needs him or her and this can be extremely frustrating. Still other advisors wait until the student makes a mistake somewhere along the way and then provides information and guidance to the student that would have been helpful before the student actually made the mistake (as mistakes can take weeks and months to fix—depending on where the mistake happens and when the student realizes the mistake). There is no need, however, to be frustrated with advisors who are not always available to a doctoral student when he or she needs him/her. Instead, doctoral students can now seek out help from a dissertation consultant and that dissertation consultant can provide one on one, hands on guidance, assistance and help on al things concerning the dissertation—including on the dissertation data analysis—whenever the doctoral student needs that help. With the help of a dissertation consultant, the student will be able to accurately and precisely perform the dissertation data analysis because dissertation consultants are trained in statistics and can easily “make sense” of both statistical procedures and of thousands and thousands of numbers that are used in those statistical procedures and the dissertation data analysis. Thus, with the help of a dissertation consultant, the dissertation data analysis and every other aspect of the dissertation will be manageable, accurate and relatively easy to complete. It is best, therefore, to get help on the dissertation data analysis. And if a student’s advisor is not available to offer that help on the dissertation data analysis, a dissertation consultant can more than fill in as the advisor, offering invaluable and unmatched help to the student.
Wednesday, September 23, 2009
What is a Statistical Analysis Consultant?
What is a statistical analysis consultant?
A statistical analysis consultant is a trained and professional statistician who can be hired to help anyone who is struggling with statistics. A statistical analysis consultant will provide one on one help to anyone who needs to use statistical procedures and gather statistical data and analysis.
Who uses a statistical analysis consultant?
Many people turn to a statistical analysis consultant. In fact, statistical analysis consultants are useful for many different people in many different fields. Doctors and nurses, for example, turn to a statistical analysis consultant when they want to find out the effectiveness of a particular drug or a particular dosage. Additionally, the government uses statistical analysis consultants all the time in order to measure the accuracy and effectiveness of certain government programs. Business owners also turn to a statistical analysis consultant so that they can get an accurate measurement of what works and what does not work in their business or company. And finally, doctoral students often turn to a statistical analysis consultant as doctoral students must use statistics heavily and often in their dissertations.
Why do doctoral students use a statistical analysis consultant?
Many doctoral students hire a statistical analysis consultant because many doctoral students struggle with the statistical aspects of their dissertations. This is true because many doctoral students do not have the training or background in statistics that they need to complete the sophisticated and complicated aspects of their dissertation. The dissertation relies very heavily on statistics because statistics are used to prove whatever it is that the student has set out to prove in his or her dissertation. Thus, doctoral degree seeking students often turn to a statistical analysis consultant so that the doctoral degree seeking student can get the help that he or she needs in order to finish his or her dissertation. With the help of a statistical analysis consultant, the doctoral student will be well on his or her way to obtaining his or her degree, and finishing all of his or her statistical analyses for the dissertation.
How specifically can a statistical analysis consultant help a doctoral degree seeking student?
Specifically, a statistical analysis consultant can help a doctoral student with every single statistical process and procedure of the dissertation. This help provided by a statistical analysis consultant includes giving valuable help to the doctoral student in the following ways:
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student phrase his or her topic statistically—so that it makes statistical sense
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student with the proposal phase of the dissertation where the student has to explain what statistical processes and procedures he or she will follow throughout the dissertation
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student determine the sample sizes for the data collection
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the doctoral student gather the data in a way that the data is neither skewed nor biased
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the doctoral student analyze the data that has been collected
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student make sense of and interpret all of the data that has been collected
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student apply the results of the data and the statistics to the student’s dissertation.
Thus, a statistical analysis consultant can prove to be a tremendous help to all degree seeking students as they work through the statistical portions of their dissertations.
A statistical analysis consultant is a trained and professional statistician who can be hired to help anyone who is struggling with statistics. A statistical analysis consultant will provide one on one help to anyone who needs to use statistical procedures and gather statistical data and analysis.
Who uses a statistical analysis consultant?
Many people turn to a statistical analysis consultant. In fact, statistical analysis consultants are useful for many different people in many different fields. Doctors and nurses, for example, turn to a statistical analysis consultant when they want to find out the effectiveness of a particular drug or a particular dosage. Additionally, the government uses statistical analysis consultants all the time in order to measure the accuracy and effectiveness of certain government programs. Business owners also turn to a statistical analysis consultant so that they can get an accurate measurement of what works and what does not work in their business or company. And finally, doctoral students often turn to a statistical analysis consultant as doctoral students must use statistics heavily and often in their dissertations.
Why do doctoral students use a statistical analysis consultant?
Many doctoral students hire a statistical analysis consultant because many doctoral students struggle with the statistical aspects of their dissertations. This is true because many doctoral students do not have the training or background in statistics that they need to complete the sophisticated and complicated aspects of their dissertation. The dissertation relies very heavily on statistics because statistics are used to prove whatever it is that the student has set out to prove in his or her dissertation. Thus, doctoral degree seeking students often turn to a statistical analysis consultant so that the doctoral degree seeking student can get the help that he or she needs in order to finish his or her dissertation. With the help of a statistical analysis consultant, the doctoral student will be well on his or her way to obtaining his or her degree, and finishing all of his or her statistical analyses for the dissertation.
How specifically can a statistical analysis consultant help a doctoral degree seeking student?
Specifically, a statistical analysis consultant can help a doctoral student with every single statistical process and procedure of the dissertation. This help provided by a statistical analysis consultant includes giving valuable help to the doctoral student in the following ways:
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student phrase his or her topic statistically—so that it makes statistical sense
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student with the proposal phase of the dissertation where the student has to explain what statistical processes and procedures he or she will follow throughout the dissertation
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student determine the sample sizes for the data collection
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the doctoral student gather the data in a way that the data is neither skewed nor biased
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the doctoral student analyze the data that has been collected
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student make sense of and interpret all of the data that has been collected
• A statistical analysis consultant can help the student apply the results of the data and the statistics to the student’s dissertation.
Thus, a statistical analysis consultant can prove to be a tremendous help to all degree seeking students as they work through the statistical portions of their dissertations.
Friday, August 21, 2009
t-test
The t-test involves the single interval dependent variable and a dichotomous independent variable if the researcher wishes to conduct the t-test for the difference of means. The t-test can also be used to compare the means for two dependent samples and two independent samples. Additionally, the t-test can be used to test between a sample mean and a known mean, which is also called the t-test for one sample.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in t-test and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
The t-test is a parametric test that makes a very popular and obvious assumption—that of normal distribution or normal population. The researcher should note that if all the assumptions of the t-test are met, then the t-test becomes the most powerful. It is the most powerful test of any particular two sample non-parametric test.
The t-test is basically employed in those cases where the size of the sample is generally less than 30. If, however, the sample size is larger than 30, then instead of using the t-test, the researcher employs the z test.
The t-test is mainly based upon the student’s t distribution. The calculation of the t-test is different for comparison between the independent and the dependent samples, but the inference drawn from the t-test is the same.
The critical value in the t-test is the value that is found in the table of values of the t distribution for a given level of significance. If the value that has been calculated by using the t-test is more than the critical t value, then the null hypothesis that has been assumed in the t-test is rejected. But, if the value that has been calculated by using the t-test is less than the critical t value, then the null hypothesis that is assumed in the t-test is accepted.
The confidence limits in the t-test basically construct the upper bound and the lower bound on an estimate for a given level of significance. The confidence interval in the t-test is the range within these bounds. Such limits are employed in the t-test because such limits provide additional information on the relative meaningfulness of the estimates.
In SPSS, the t-test is conducted by selecting the “compare means” from the “analyze” menu and then by clicking any option, depending upon the type of t-test to be conducted by the researcher in SPSS. If two samples are involved, then the researcher can either employ an independent sample t-test or a paired sample t-test, depending on the type of data.
The following are some assumptions that have been assumed in the t-test:
The first assumption in the t-test is that the distribution, or the population under consideration, is that of normal distribution or normal population. For satisfying this assumption, there are certain tests for normality. The researcher should note that the t-test can draw invalid conclusions when the two samples come from widely different shaped distributions. Some statisticians suggest that the t-test should be normally distributed for the sample size, which is mainly less than 15.
The second assumption made in the t-test is that of the homogeneity of the variances in the sample. SPSS employs a test for testing the homoscedastic nature of the sample in the t-test. This test is called "Levene's Test for Equality of Variances," with F value and corresponding significance. The researcher should note that the t-test will result in invalid inferences if the two samples are unequal in size and also have unequal variances.
The third assumption is that in the t-test it does not matter whether the sample is a dependent or independent sample. This is because the inference drawn from the t-test will remain the same whether the sample is independent or dependent; only the calculation of the t-test will differ.
Multiple Regression
Multiple regression involves a single dependent variable and two or more independent variables. Multiple regression is basically a statistical technique that simultaneously develops a mathematical relationship between two or more independent variables and an interval scaled dependent variable.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in multiple regression and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Statistics Solutions is the country's leader in multiple regression and dissertation statistics. Contact Statistics Solutions today for a free 30-minute consultation.
Questions like how much of the variations in sales can be explained by advertising expenditures, prices and the level of distribution can be answered by employing the statistical technique called multiple regression.
The general form of multiple regression is given by the multiple regression model and is the following:
Y= ß0 + ß1X1 + ß2X2 + …….. + ßkXk + e.
This multiple regression model is estimated using the following equation:
= a + b1X1 + b2X2 + …….. + bkXk.
There are certain statistics that are used while conducting the analysis on multiple regression.
The R2 in multiple regression is the coefficient of the multiple determination. This coefficient in multiple regression measures the strength of association.
The F test in multiple regression is used to test the null hypothesis that the coefficient of the multiple determination in the population is equal to zero.
The partial F test in multiple regression is used to test the significance of a partial regression coefficient. This incremental F statistic in multiple regression is based on the increment in the explained sum of squares that results from the addition of the independent variable to the regression equation after all the independent variables have been included.
The partial regression coefficient in multiple regression is denoted by b1. This denotes the change in the predicted value per unit change in X1, when the other independent variables are held constant.
In SPSS, multiple regression is conducted by the researcher by selecting “regression” from the “analyze menu.” From regression, the researcher selects the “linear” option. When the linear regression dialogue box appears, then the researcher enters one numeric dependent variable and two or more independent variables and then finally he will carry out multiple regression in SPSS.
The following assumptions are made in multiple regression statistical analysis:
The first assumption of multiple regression involves the proper specification of the model. This assumption is important in multiple regression because if the relevant variables are omitted from the model, then the common variance which they share with variables that are included in the mode is then wrongly characterized with respect to those variables, and hence the error term is inflated.
The second assumption is that the residual errors in multiple regression are normally distributed. In other words, one can say that the residual errors in multiple regression should follow the normal population having zero as mean and a variance as one.
The third assumption in multiple regression is that of unbounded data. The regression line produced by OLS (ordinary least squares) in multiple regression can be extrapolated in both directions, but is meaningful only within the upper and lower natural bounds of the dependent.
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